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Spätestens seit die französischen Revolutionäre die Verwaltungsakten der Krone 1794 zu öffentlichem Eigentum erklärten, ist die Frage nach der Freigabe und Nutzung staatlichen Schriftguts ein Politikum. Welche Informationen welchem Personenkreis zu welchem Zeitpunkt und Zweck zugänglich sind, war und ist umstritten – ganz gleich, ob die Akten noch in Gebrauch sind oder bereits archiviert wurden. Die Entscheidung darüber, welche Daten vernichtet oder archiviert, veröffentlicht oder verheimlicht werden sollen, ist dabei nur zum Teil die Folge jener historiographischen Bedürfnisse, technisch-kulturellen Entwicklungen und juristischen Vorgaben, die momentan im Zentrum deutscher Debatten um das Recht auf Aktenzugang stehen. Viel häufiger war die Freigabe von Akten beziehungsweise der Ausbau von Datenschutzbestimmungen das Ergebnis machtpolitischer Aushandlungsprozesse, bei denen gesellschaftliche Kräfteverhältnisse und internationale Konfliktlagen den Ausschlag gaben – manchmal in aller Öffentlichkeit, nicht selten aber auch hinter verschlossenen Türen. Die hier versammelten Beiträge über die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Frankreich, Griechenland und Südamerika sollen dazu anregen, derartige Auseinandersetzungen international vergleichend zu historisieren und dabei auch nach Transferprozessen zu fragen.
In France, the culture of secrecy continues to dominate access policies. The acceptance of or resistance to this culture by various social actors, including government officials, civil servants such as archivists, historians, independent scholars, and journalists, partly explains the historical tension between advocates of a more restrictive or liberal policy of access to government records deemed ‘sensitive’. Unlike the American case with its long-established right to access, in France, access to information is just starting to be considered a citizen’s right. Initial reactions to the first version of my book (1994) sparked a rather violent debate. In the controversy, most of the archivists and some influential historians either denied or justified the difficulty of accessing so-called ‘sensitive archives’. Indeed, thanks to the ‘invisibility’ of this question until then, a book dedicated to the ‘Vichy Syndrome’, which had been published some years before, did not even mention this problem as evidence of France’s difficulties in facing the past.
The supposedly commercial products of the culture industry are increasingly facing sales difficulties because growing numbers of self-assertive consumers are downloading products at will, thus no longer following the given rules of the market. Not only multinational record companies, but also representatives of ‘high’ culture are adamant in their criticism of the current ‘culture for free’ tendency. The latter can hardly be characterized as profit-oriented – nor would they describe themselves that way – but they contend that bootleg copies are a threat to their livelihood, and that the culture of piracy paves the way for harebrained mass products. The discussion encompasses copyright laws and the ways consumers are appropriating cultural products as well as the question whether or not these tendencies will fundamentally change the production of culture. Such debates are charged with cultural criticism, but in essence of economic nature. In addition, the cultural sector is faced with the accusation of waning societal relevance. In the arts and features sections of newspapers and magazines, journalists and essayists bemoan that pop culture is no longer ‘the voice and mirror of political and social change, like twenty or thirty years ago’. Although popular culture may have evolved from its original return and distribution strategies as well as its constitutive (at least for some) connection to youth and protest movements, a medially conveyed, market-driven culture that is accessible to a wide audience remains a characteristic feature of modern societies and their self-perceptions.